Cheap flights from Birmingham to New Delhi from ₹ 39,210
This is the cheapest one-way flight price found by a Cheapflights user in the last 72 hours by searching for a flight departing on 7/8. Fares are subject to change and may not be available on all flights or dates of travel.
BHX — DEL
1 Sep — 8 Sep1
Return
1 adult
Economy
Return
1 adult, Economy, 0 bags
Cheapflights Tip: The best prices from Birmingham to New Delhi Indira Gandhi Intl are usually found in September or January, booked 76 days in advance, depart on a Wednesday or Tuesday and return on a Monday
Cheap flight deals from Birmingham to New Delhi
Enter your travel dates to find the best prices.
Cheapest
Best
Direct
Last-minute
One-way
Cheapest flights from Birmingham to New Delhi
Explore the most affordable flight options available from Birmingham to New Delhi. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on 2 August 2026.
Sun 9/805:45
BHX
-
DEL
3 stops24h 55m
Multiple Airlines
Tue 8/909:35
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops27h 10m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 30/7₹ 67,831
Tue 13/1008:30
BHX
-
DEL
1 stop20h 55m
Multiple Airlines
Sun 25/1013:00
DEL
-
BHX
Nonstop11h 20m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 29/7₹ 67,926
Fri 11/906:00
BHX
-
DEL
3 stops31h 00m
Multiple Airlines
Mon 19/1003:05
DEL
-
BHX
3 stops34h 00m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 29/7₹ 68,117
Fri 30/1012:40
BHX
-
DEL
3 stops32h 25m
Multiple Airlines
Thu 10/1203:00
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops25h 55m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 30/7₹ 68,212
Tue 4/816:40
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops36h 25m
Multiple Airlines
Sun 16/811:20
DEL
-
BHX
Nonstop11h 15m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 28/7₹ 68,308
Sun 30/814:25
BHX
-
DEL
3 stops43h 45m
Multiple Airlines
Sun 6/920:05
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops29h 20m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 2/8₹ 68,403
Thu 15/1012:50
BHX
-
DEL
3 stops34h 30m
Multiple Airlines
Sun 25/1018:20
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops33h 45m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 29/7₹ 68,498
Thu 3/1211:45
BHX
-
DEL
1 stop17h 25m
Multiple Airlines
Fri 18/1201:55
DEL
-
BHX
1 stop13h 45m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 30/7₹ 68,594
Wed 21/1008:30
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops20h 50m
Multiple Airlines
Fri 27/1113:00
DEL
-
BHX
Nonstop11h 20m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 29/7₹ 68,689
Thu 5/1112:50
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops23h 20m
Multiple Airlines
Fri 20/1120:05
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops32h 55m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 1/8₹ 68,785
Thu 10/917:35
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops29h 45m
Multiple Airlines
Sun 1/1103:15
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops24h 50m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 29/7₹ 68,880
Best flights from Birmingham to New Delhi
Discover carefully curated flight deals from Birmingham to New Delhi that have cost, travel time, and stopovers in mind to ensure you get the best travel experience. Data last updated 2 August 2026.
Mon 12/1005:55
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops14h 45m
Lufthansa
Sun 22/1101:55
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops16h 05m
Lufthansa
Deal found 28/7₹ 72,792
Thu 1/1010:20
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops24h 20m
Oman Air
Thu 29/1009:50
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops18h 35m
Oman Air
Deal found 28/7₹ 74,318
Thu 3/920:15
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops22h 05m
KLM
Fri 2/1003:55
DEL
-
BHX
1 stop13h 15m
KLM
Deal found 28/7₹ 74,604
Tue 25/812:20
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops36h 30m
Multiple Airlines
Sat 31/1007:50
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops29h 25m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 2/8₹ 81,855
Thu 14/113:15
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops38h 15m
Oman Air
Wed 17/215:50
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops36h 30m
Oman Air
Deal found 1/8₹ 74,986
Wed 18/1113:15
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops38h 15m
Oman Air
Thu 3/1209:50
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops18h 30m
Oman Air
Deal found 2/8₹ 75,081
Wed 19/809:15
BHX
-
DEL
1 stop14h 30m
KLM
Wed 9/903:55
DEL
-
BHX
1 stop20h 20m
KLM
Deal found 29/7₹ 83,858
Thu 22/1010:20
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops41h 15m
Oman Air
Fri 27/1109:50
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops18h 30m
Oman Air
Deal found 31/7₹ 78,897
Wed 6/113:15
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops20h 15m
Oman Air
Thu 28/115:50
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops36h 30m
Oman Air
Deal found 1/8₹ 79,088
Sun 25/1014:10
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops37h 20m
Oman Air
Fri 20/1109:50
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops18h 35m
Oman Air
Deal found 29/7₹ 84,049
Sat 2/113:15
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops20h 15m
Oman Air
Mon 25/108:20
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops20h 00m
Oman Air
Deal found 1/8₹ 84,431
Fri 30/1013:15
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops38h 15m
Oman Air
Tue 24/1115:50
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops26h 20m
Oman Air
Deal found 31/7₹ 86,339
Direct flights from Birmingham to New Delhi
Explore direct flight options from Birmingham to New Delhi based on user searches, and compare prices and availability for your desired travel dates. Data last updated 2 August 2026.
Thu 13/821:30
BHX
-
DEL
Nonstop10h 30m
Air India
Sun 16/811:20
DEL
-
BHX
Nonstop11h 15m
Air India
Deal found 29/7₹ 82,809
Thu 3/1220:50
BHX
-
DEL
Nonstop9h 50m
Air India
Fri 18/1213:00
DEL
-
BHX
Nonstop11h 20m
Air India
Deal found 30/7₹ 83,000
Mon 21/921:30
BHX
-
DEL
Nonstop10h 10m
Air India
Sun 4/1011:20
DEL
-
BHX
Nonstop11h 25m
Air India
Deal found 30/7₹ 83,095
Mon 12/1021:30
BHX
-
DEL
Nonstop10h 10m
Air India
Sun 25/1013:00
DEL
-
BHX
Nonstop11h 20m
Air India
Deal found 29/7₹ 83,477
Thu 26/1120:50
BHX
-
DEL
Nonstop9h 50m
Air India
Sun 6/1213:00
DEL
-
BHX
Nonstop11h 20m
Air India
Deal found 30/7₹ 83,572
Thu 1/1021:30
BHX
-
DEL
Nonstop10h 10m
Air India
Sun 18/1011:20
DEL
-
BHX
Nonstop11h 25m
Air India
Deal found 31/7₹ 83,954
Thu 8/1021:30
BHX
-
DEL
Nonstop10h 10m
Air India
Sun 18/1011:20
DEL
-
BHX
Nonstop11h 25m
Air India
Deal found 31/7₹ 84,431
Mon 12/1021:30
BHX
-
DEL
Nonstop10h 10m
Air India
Sun 15/1113:00
DEL
-
BHX
Nonstop11h 20m
Air India
Deal found 31/7₹ 86,911
Mon 2/1120:50
BHX
-
DEL
Nonstop9h 50m
Air India
Fri 6/1113:00
DEL
-
BHX
Nonstop11h 20m
Air India
Deal found 29/7₹ 87,293
Last-minute flights from Birmingham to New Delhi
Discover last-minute flight deals from Birmingham to New Delhi. Data last updated 2 August 2026 and is based on user searches.
Fri 7/823:05
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops34h 35m
Multiple Airlines
Fri 28/815:55
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops35h 25m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 1/8₹ 68,594
Fri 7/815:05
BHX
-
DEL
1 stop14h 00m
Multiple Airlines
Sun 16/811:20
DEL
-
BHX
Nonstop11h 15m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 28/7₹ 72,792
Sat 8/821:30
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops29h 55m
Multiple Airlines
Mon 7/904:50
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops31h 35m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 30/7₹ 73,364
Sat 8/821:30
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops29h 55m
Multiple Airlines
Tue 25/804:50
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops31h 45m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 28/7₹ 73,555
Sun 9/805:45
BHX
-
DEL
3 stops24h 55m
Multiple Airlines
Tue 8/909:35
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops27h 10m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 30/7₹ 67,831
Tue 11/821:40
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops29h 45m
Multiple Airlines
Thu 20/804:50
DEL
-
BHX
2 stops31h 30m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 31/7₹ 69,071
Wed 12/812:50
BHX
-
DEL
3 stops27h 35m
Multiple Airlines
Mon 14/918:45
DEL
-
BHX
3 stops31h 55m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 29/7₹ 68,308
One-way flights from Birmingham to New Delhi
Search for one-way flight options from Birmingham to New Delhi. Find affordable one-way fares based on user searches. Data last updated 2 August 2026.
Fri 7/813:25
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops35h 10m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 1/8₹ 39,210
Fri 14/812:50
BHX
-
DEL
3 stops38h 35m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 31/7₹ 39,306
Sun 9/808:30
BHX
-
DEL
3 stops23h 10m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 28/7₹ 39,592
Wed 12/809:00
BHX
-
DEL
1 stop19h 55m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 30/7₹ 39,687
Mon 17/821:20
BHX
-
DEL
3 stops27h 15m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 2/8₹ 39,783
Sat 29/813:00
BHX
-
DEL
1 stop35h 35m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 1/8₹ 39,878
Thu 13/812:50
BHX
-
DEL
3 stops31h 45m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 28/7₹ 39,973
Sun 16/806:15
BHX
-
DEL
1 stop22h 40m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 31/7₹ 40,164
Sat 8/821:30
BHX
-
DEL
2 stops25h 10m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 29/7₹ 40,260
Find flight deals from Birmingham to New Delhi
Discover tips and strategies to find the most affordable flight options for your journey from Birmingham (BHX) to New Delhi (DEL). Learn about various techniques such as flexible date searches, comparing prices across and setting up price alerts. Use these methods to find the cheapest flights available for your travel needs. Data last updated 2 August 2026.
Customise your flight search to find flights from Birmingham to New Delhi that fit within your specific budget. Explore options based on user searches and filter the results based on your desired price range. Find flights that match your budget for a cost-effective journey. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 454,620 searches. Data last updated 2 August 2026.
Use the filters below to find and compare flights from Birmingham to New Delhi that are best for you.
Fly from
Fly to
Route
Depart
Return
Price
Cheapest return flight
Fastest return journey
BirminghamNew Delhi
BHX - DEL
BHXDEL
Birmingham
Mon 12/10
05:55-01:10
2 stops14h 45m
New Delhi Indira Gandhi Intl
Sun 22/11
01:55-12:30
2 stops16h 05m
₹ 72,792
BirminghamNew Delhi
BHX - DEL
BHXDEL
Birmingham
Thu 1/10
10:20-15:10
2 stops24h 20m
New Delhi Indira Gandhi Intl
Thu 29/10
09:50-22:55
2 stops18h 35m
₹ 74,318
BirminghamNew Delhi
BHX - DEL
BHXDEL
Birmingham
Thu 3/9
20:15-22:50
2 stops22h 05m
New Delhi Indira Gandhi Intl
Fri 2/10
03:55-12:40
1 stop13h 15m
₹ 74,604
BirminghamNew Delhi
BHX - DEL
BHXDEL
Birmingham
Thu 14/1
13:15-09:00
2 stops38h 15m
New Delhi Indira Gandhi Intl
Wed 17/2
15:50-22:50
2 stops36h 30m
₹ 74,986
BirminghamNew Delhi
BHX - DEL
BHXDEL
Birmingham
Wed 18/11
13:15-09:00
2 stops38h 15m
New Delhi Indira Gandhi Intl
Thu 3/12
09:50-22:50
2 stops18h 30m
₹ 75,081
BirminghamNew Delhi
BHX - DEL
BHXDEL
Birmingham
Thu 22/10
10:20-08:05
2 stops41h 15m
New Delhi Indira Gandhi Intl
Fri 27/11
09:50-22:50
2 stops18h 30m
₹ 78,897
BirminghamNew Delhi
BHX - DEL
BHXDEL
Birmingham
Wed 6/1
13:15-15:00
2 stops20h 15m
New Delhi Indira Gandhi Intl
Thu 28/1
15:50-22:50
2 stops36h 30m
₹ 79,088
BirminghamNew Delhi
BHX - DEL
BHXDEL
Birmingham
Tue 25/8
12:20-05:20
2 stops36h 30m
New Delhi Indira Gandhi Intl
Sat 31/10
07:50-07:45
2 stops29h 25m
₹ 81,855
BirminghamNew Delhi
BHX - DEL
BHXDEL
Birmingham
Wed 19/8
09:15-04:15
1 stop14h 30m
New Delhi Indira Gandhi Intl
Wed 9/9
03:55-19:45
1 stop20h 20m
₹ 83,858
BirminghamNew Delhi
BHX - DEL
BHXDEL
Birmingham
Sun 25/10
14:10-09:00
2 stops37h 20m
New Delhi Indira Gandhi Intl
Fri 20/11
09:50-22:55
2 stops18h 35m
₹ 84,049
Flights are sorted by cheapest return flights first.
Deals found on 1/8
Showing 1-10 of 21 resultsSorted by cheapest first
1
2
3
Best time to book a flight from Birmingham to New Delhi
Have a flexible travel schedule? Discover the best time to fly to New Delhi from Birmingham with our price prediction graph.
BHX-DEL
Estimated return price
Rates are based on past data. Find the cheapest month and day to book your flight based on your travel requirements, then search for cheap deals.
Cheapflights Insights
Everything you need to know about your flight from Birmingham to New Delhi
Prices
Delays
More
How far ahead should I book a flight from Birmingham to New Delhi?
To ensure you get the cheapest price possible for a flight from Birmingham to New Delhi, you should look to book at least 75 days in advance of your intended travel date. The price of your flight may increase if you delay and leave booking until a week or so before departure.
What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Birmingham to New Delhi?
Currently, September is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from Birmingham to New Delhi (average of ₹ 66,972). Flying from Birmingham to New Delhi in December is currently the most expensive (average of ₹ 101,889). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.
What is the cheapest time of day to fly from BHX to DEL?
Find hourly flight availability from Birmingham to New Delhi. Discover flight options and departure times throughout the day, allowing you to choose a departure time that suits your schedule. Data last updated 2 August 2026.
Regardless of the time of day you decide to fly, the ticket price will remain around the same. Book flights from Birmingham to New Delhi as you normally would.
How much does it cost for a return flight from Birmingham to New Delhi?
Airfare is below average for this route at the moment.
Birmingham to New Delhi flights typically cost between ₹ 69,166 and ₹ 101,317 in October.The cheapest return price found within the last 5 days was ₹ 67,831 on Multiple Airlines (12 Oct–28 Nov).
How often are flights from Birmingham to New Delhi delayed?
About 55% of weekly flights between Birmingham and New Delhi have experienced delays in the past year, with the average delay time being 198 minutes.
What is the most punctual flight time for Birmingham to New Delhi flights?
Historically, flights departing at night are less likely to be delayed, whereas flights leaving in the evening tend to experience delays more often.
What day of the week experiences the fewest flight delays on this route?
Sunday tends to have the lowest number of delays on this route, whereas Monday has historically faced a higher average of delays compared to other days of the week.
Which airline has the best punctuality record on Birmingham to New Delhi flights?
Over the past year, Air India have had the lowest number of delays on this route, with just 55% of flights being delayed.
What’s the top stopover airport for flights from Birmingham to New Delhi?
Share of one-stop return flights from Birmingham to New Delhi chosen by Cheapflights users in the past 12 months, using the same stopover each way.
Dubai (DXB) – chosen by Cheapflights users on 26% of one-stop itineraries from Birmingham to New Delhi on Cheapflights.
What’s the cheapest stopover airport for flights from Birmingham to New Delhi?
Average return fare for one-stop flights from Birmingham to New Delhi, chosen by Cheapflights users in the past 12 months, with the same stopover each way.
Jeddah (JED) is the most affordable one-stop option, with an average return flight price of ₹ 64,133.
What’s the fastest stopover option from Birmingham to New Delhi?
Shortest average travel time for one-stop one-way flights from Birmingham to New Delhi, based on itineraries clicked by Cheapflights users over the past 12 months, grouped by stopover airport.
Flights via Frankfurt am Main (FRA) have the shortest average one-way travel time for one-stop routes: 11h 50m.
Which airport typically offers the quickest stopover for flights from Birmingham to New Delhi?
Average stopover duration for one-stop one-way flights from Birmingham to New Delhi, chosen by Cheapflights users in the last 12 months, grouped by stopover airport.
Flights via Doha (DOH) offer the fastest connection on this route, with an average stopover time of 2h 13m.
Reviews of airlines servicing New Delhi
Get insights into the airlines that provide service to New Delhi. Read reviews, discover amenities, and learn about the overall travel experience offered by airlines. Use this information to make informed decisions when choosing an airline for your flight to New Delhi. Reviews last updated 2 August 2026.
Check out reviews from past customers who have flown with Emirates,SAUDIA, andLufthansa from Birmingham to New Delhi to help guide your decision. You can also see how each airline stacks up in terms of entertainment options, comfort, food, crew/service, and boarding process.
Seats were very narrow. The seat belts were very tight. The gluten-free food was awful. The roll was listed as vegan….not gluten free. I received vegan butter. Butter itself is gluten free so why couldn’t I have had regular butter?!?!?
Seats were very narrow. The seat belts were very tight. The gluten-free food was awful. The roll was listed as vegan….not gluten free. I received vegan butter. Butter itself is gluten free so why couldn’t I have had regular butter?!?!?
Seats were very narrow. The seat belts were very tight. The gluten-free food was awful. The roll was listed as vegan….not gluten free. I received vegan butter. Butter itself is gluten free so why couldn’t I have had regular butter?!?!?
Seats were very narrow. The seat belts were very tight. The gluten-free food was awful. The roll was listed as vegan….not gluten free. I received vegan butter. Butter itself is gluten free so why couldn’t I have had regular butter?!?!?
Seats were very narrow. The seat belts were very tight. The gluten-free food was awful. The roll was listed as vegan….not gluten free. I received vegan butter. Butter itself is gluten free so why couldn’t I have had regular butter?!?!?
Related info for your journey
Find useful and relevant information for your journey from Birmingham to New Delhi. Access travel guides, tips, and recommendations to enhance your travel experience. Get information about local attractions, weather, transportation options, and more.
How popular is this Birmingham to New Delhi flight route?
Within the past month, 37 users have taken a look at flights from Birmingham to New Delhi Indira Gandhi Intl.
How long is the flight from Birmingham to New Delhi?
Lufthansa, Oman Air, and KLM can get you from Birmingham to New Delhi in just under 14h 45m. Your travel time can differ by up to 9h 35m. The distance between Birmingham and New Delhi is about 6795 km. This flight may include one or multiple stops.
What are the cheapest airlines flying from Birmingham to New Delhi round-trip?
Cheapflights users have booked flights from Birmingham to New Delhi return from ₹ 37,022. Other airlines that can offer you cheap pricing are SAUDIA, from ₹ 37,408, and Air India, from ₹ 65,423. Emirates is currently priced 54% below the average price you’ll pay for this route.
What are the cheapest airlines to fly from Birmingham to New Delhi one-way?
For one-way options, check prices for Air India. According to our data, you can fly for as low as ₹ 28,337. Users have also found prices from ₹ 31,166 and ₹ 32,118 on Air France and IndiGo, respectively.
What are the cheapest flights from Birmingham to New Delhi?
Looking at all options, your cheapest flight can be booked for ₹ 34,498. While the most popular route (Birmingham - New Delhi Indira Gandhi Intl) can be booked for ₹ 53,139 on average, our data indicates ₹ 91,903 when flying from Birmingham to New Delhi.
Can I find deals for business class flights from Birmingham to New Delhi?
Yes. Cheapflights offers flight deals from Birmingham to New Delhi by cabin class. In addition to browsing deals, you can also filter by cabin class on the search results page after making a search.
What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Birmingham to New Delhi?
Currently, September is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from Birmingham to New Delhi (average of ₹ 66,972). Flying from Birmingham to New Delhi in December is currently the most expensive (average of ₹ 101,889). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.
Explore flights to New Delhi departing from other origins. Flights are based on user searches made on Cheapflights and were last updated on 2 August 2026.
Top 4 airlines flying from Birmingham to New Delhi
Discover the top 4 airlines that operate flights from Birmingham to New Delhi. Compare their services, reliability, and customer satisfaction ratings to choose the airline that best suits your travel preferences and needs. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 454,620 searches. Data last updated 2 August 2026.
Find the best flight deals on Cheapflights, where travellers can enjoy low prices and a wide availability of flights to their desired destinations.
How does Cheapflights help users find flights from Birmingham to New Delhi?
Cheapflights goes through 900+ travel sites to look for the best flight deals for flights from Birmingham to New Delhi. Too many options? Cheapflights also provides filters for things like airlines, price ranges, and number of stops to help you make a decision easily.
Why should you use Cheapflights to find cheap flight tickets from Birmingham to New Delhi?
Cheapflights simply makes it quick and affordable to book flights from Birmingham to New Delhi by bringing together all flight options from hundreds of airlines and agencies online — and put it in one place for you to choose from. Plus, Cheapflights is 100% free to use for all.
Can Cheapflights find flights from Birmingham to New Delhi with no change fees?
Yes! Cheapflights helps users easily find flights from Birmingham to New Delhi with no change fees.
Can Cheapflights notify me if prices for flights from Birmingham to New Delhi become cheaper?
Yes, Cheapflights has a feature called Price Alert, which notifies users when flight prices change. Track prices for your flight to New Delhi from Birmingham today and book when prices fit your budget.
100% Free
Cheapflights is completely free to use, so you can start saving the moment you arrive.
Book With Flexibility
Our users can plan ahead with confidence and find flights with no change fees.
Travel Smart
Millions of people come to us for their flight needs every year. We help make travel planning easy by providing useful insights and data-driven graphs that can inform your decisions.
We value your privacy
Cheapflights and its partners wish to use cookies or similar technologies to store and/or access information on and about your device and process personal data such as your IP address, device identifiers etc., in order to improve your experience on the site, to analyse navigation, to offer and measure personalised advertising, and to facilitate sharing on social networks. We also allow the use of third-party cookies (including those from our advertising partners) on our sites.
By clicking 'Accept', you consent to your data being processed by 0 vendors on this web site for the purposes described in this notice. You can review the vendors and their individual processing purposes on the .
To review individual processing purposes and cookie categories, please click ’Select individual purposes’. You can review your choices and withdraw your consent at any time by clicking the ’Privacy Preferences’ link in the page side navigation.